The father of German unity who recognized the occupation of Crimea. 10 facts from Mikhail Gorbachev's life

A video of the day two days after the start of a full-scale invasion of Russia in Ukraine was founded by a former politician Gorbachev-Funds published a brief statement with a call to stop fighting and start negotiations. NV cites 10 facts of the biography of the first and sole President of the USSR. The son of the collective farmers Sergiy and Maria Gorbacheva, Michael, was born on March 2, 1931 in the village of Privolne, the North Caucasus region.

On the maternal line, he is a Ukrainian: his grandfather Panteley Hopkalo was born in the Chernihiv province. The parents called the future initiator of the restructuring Victor. But two weeks later they were "renamed". “I was brought to the neighboring village of Letnitskoye (now it in the Rostov region), where the church was to baptize. The grandfather of Andrew (on the parent line - ed. ) Asked, "What do we call?" - "Michael.

" All! Democracy was simple there, and although the father and the mother were present, of course, there were no voices, ”Dmitry Gordon said Gorbachev in 2011. For about half a year, the Nazi army was occupied. After the liberation of the village, Michael began to combine schooling with work in the collective farm. He liked combines. In 1949, 18-year-old Michael was awarded the Order of Labor Red Banner for his success in grain threshing.

In 1950, Gorbachev entered the Law Faculty of the MSU, and without exams - as an excellent (graduated from a school with a silver medal) and an order. In the same year, the Faculty of Philosophy, and also without exams, adopted a girl from Sterlitamak Raisa Titarenko. Young people got acquainted in the hostel. On September 25, 1953, they signed, but celebrated the wedding only in November, in a diet. There were cutlets, vinaigrette and vodka on the table, Gorbachev remembered.

The following, in 1954, Raisa had an attack of rheumatism, which gave complications. She was pregnant, but doctors were categorically advised to give birth. "I was told," Make a choice: a baby may be born, or maybe not, but you will lose your wife. Her heart may not stand. " Pregnancy was interrupted. We were told that it was a boy. As Raisa worried, she suffered! I reassured how I could.

Because we were already discussing the name: he persuaded his son Sergius, in honor of my father, ”the USSR's Expatamic Komsomolskaya Pravda in 2014 told. After moving the family to Stavropol Raisa felt better. In 1957, Gorbachev was born daughter Irina. The couple was inseparable until the death of Raisa Maximivna. On September 20, 1999, she died of leukemia at the German Munster clinic. A prominent feature of Mikhail Gorbachev is a big birthmark on his head.

In Soviet times, it caused ridicule: in official portraits of members of the Politburo, the spot was retouched, but in the staff of the television it was clearly visible. After the introduction of publicity policy, the photos began to be published without retouch. The archival document, published in 2020 on the US State Department's website, contains extracts from working materials for the preparation of US diplomats for negotiations with the USSR Foreign Minister Andriy Gromiko in 1985.

One of the humorous theses sounded like this: "If the Soviets dismantle all SS-20 (medium-range missile complex-ed. ), We are ready to erase Gorbachev's birthmark in American photos. " The spot is a child's capillary hemangioma - a benign tumor. It is only removed if it increases rapidly. Gorbachev's hemangioma has always been, but for a while, she was hidden by her hair. At about 40 years, the partyfunter began to fox.

Gorbachev was considered the protege of his predecessor at the post of the first secretary of the Stavropol region of the CPSU Fyodor Kulakov, who in every way contributed to the career of the native of the Prize. In 1971, Kulakov became the youngest member of the Politburo, being a secretary of the Central Committee responsible for the agrarian sector. On July 17, 1978, a 60-year-old functionar was found dead in the suburban cottage.

Former Radmina Manager Mikhail Smirtyukov said two empty bottles of cognac were laying near the bed. The cause of death was called heart paralysis. The member of the Politburo abused alcohol; On the day of his death, he, according to historians, quarreled with his wife. The country has rumored that he had been killed - either poisoned or shot.

The Soviet people called the "special sign" that neither Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev nor the head of government, Alexei Kosygin, were not present at the funeral. Gorbachev was included in the funeral commission. On the day of Kulakov's burial, on July 20, he first made a rostrum in his life. And four months later, on November 27, 1978, 47-year-old Gorbachev became a successor to Kulakov as secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

In December of that year, Brezhnev, who barely uttered the words, awarded a new resident of the Kremlin by the Order of the October Revolution. At the same ceremony, the Order of Lenin received the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia Edward Shevardnadze, a future colleague Gorbachev.

In recent years, Gorbachev's life in the press noted that he became the Secretary -General of the Central Committee, receiving only one vote during the vote of the Politburo, a conservative Viktor Grishin by the head of the Moscow City City. This assumption originates from Gorbachev's memoirs, where he thought that if he was supported in the spring of 1985 by "50% of Politburo members plus one voice", he would not have taken place for transformation in the country.

There is no archival evidence of fierce hardware struggle. Grishin himself said that he was self -escaped from the struggle for the post of Secretary General. In favor of Gorbachev, the Kremlin hierarchy testified - it was he who was meeting the Secretariat of the Central Committee, and during the meetings he sat on the right hand from the Secretary General Konstantin Chernenko. On the evening of March 10, 1985, Chernenko, who for several days in an eclipse was at the Kremlin hospital, died.

On March 11, the Politburo meeting took place. The word took Gromyko. He proposed Gorbachev's candidacy for the post of Secretary General. No one began to deny. The Plenum of the Central Committee approved the appointment on the evening of March 11. New Secretary General on April 23, 1985, speech on the need to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country. On May 23, Gorbachev said at a meeting with the residents of Leningrad: "Probably comrades, we all need to be rebuilt.

" Acceleration and restructuring (as well as the statement and democratization stated later) became the cornerstones of the policy of the new USSR leadership. In late years, Mikhail Gorbachev acknowledged that some actions of the authorities after the explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Station in 1986 were incorrect. In particular, the Kremlin's three -week silence about the incident and May Day demonstration in Kiev.

“The manifestations were not canceled, since as of May 1, there was no complete picture of what happened. Indeed, we were afraid of panic - you can imagine the possible consequences of mass panic in a multi -million dollar city! Now it is clear that it was a mistake, ”said the Air Force politician in 2006.

The figure of Gorbachev in the context of the Chernobyl accident was talked again in 2019, when the Swedish actor David Densik became a cinema of the Soviet leader in the series of NGO Chornobyl. According to the plot, the Soviet leader is worried that there are no origins about the explosion in the Western press.

Also, they hint the creators of the film, because of the Kremlin's dissatisfaction with the unnecessary frankness of the protagonist, academician Valery Leasov, he was spoiled by his career. In an interview with radio, Gorbachev said Moscow claimed that she was not involved in the oppression of Leasov. On November 7, 1990, a resident of Leningrad Oleksandr Shmonov fired Gorbachev during a demonstration. The President of the USSR stood on the rostrum of the mausoleum.

Schmonov, hiding under his clothes, was hiding into a column of protesters and managed to approach the head of state at a distance of 50 meters. He shot twice, but one of the policemen had time to hit the pruning - and both balls went higher. Shmonova was detained by KGB staff. The CT demonstration was interrupted for 15 minutes. At the investigation, Shmonov argued that he wanted to hit Gorbachev in his head because he knew that he was in the bulletproof vest.

The motive of the terrorist called revenge for bloody events in Tbilisi and Baku and the need to elect the USSR President in the national elections. Shmonova was recognized as mentally ill. He spent four years in the clinic. Since 1947, the US scientists from the United States regulate the position of the arrows of the Judgment Day clock, in which the midnight symbolizes nuclear cataclysm. At the time of Gorbachev's arrival, they showed 23:57.

Already in 1988, the arrows were moved to 23:54, two years later-at 23:50. In 1991, when the USSR and the United States signed a contract for reducing strategic weapons, the clock showed 23:43-the farthest from midnight the position of arrows in the whole history, which testified to the success of Gorbachev's discharge policy. As of the end of 2020, the world was 100 seconds from the nuclear war.

The most important episode of the second half of the 80's is the fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent unification of Western and East Germany. In 1990, Gorbachev was recognized as the "man of the year" in Germany, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize; His bust opens the gallery of monuments of German unity in Berlin.

In 2009, the USSR expatriate claimed that he even had to persuade some Western leaders, such as Francois Mitterran, not to interfere with the rapid fusion process of Germany and GDR. On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev came to his office, sat down at a table where a project was lying on the decree on the drafting of the President of the USSR. Assistants started a dispute: what exactly must be said before the cameras at the time of signing.

Gorbachev listened, and then he did not tolerate: "I will just sign it - and everything!" After that, the last appeal to the inhabitants of a de facto non-existent country was recorded. “I firmly advocated the independence, independence of peoples, for the sovereignty of the republics. But at the same time - for the preservation of the union state, the integrity of the country. The events went the other way.

I took the mountain line for the breakdown of the country and the separation of the state, which I cannot agree with, ”Gorbachev said. The appeal was shown on TV in the evening. By interviewing CNN, the first and only President of the USSR left the workplace, going to a farewell buffet. Famous footage, where Gorbachev drinks a glass of vodka, and then communicates with the television journalist Alexander Bubymov.

As Gorbachev wrote in the book of life and reforms, at the same hours, his family was evicted from a service apartment. “There was an agreement to complete my affairs in the Kremlin until December 30.

On December 27, a conversation with journalists of Japanese newspaper Yomiuri was appointed, but in the morning I was called from the Kremlin's waiting room and reported that at half past nine in the morning Yeltsin, together with Hastbulatov and Burbulis, took my office, was violently rejoiced, drank a bottle of whiskey . . . I do not find the triumph of predators - I do not find another comparison, ”he remembered.

After his retirement, Gorbachev created his name, as long as he was allowed to health, traveled around the world with lectures, and interviewed. He criticized the activity of the first and second presidents of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin. However, after 2014, Gorbachev's attitude to Putin was sharply warmed. The President of the USSR said that the current head of the Kremlin "deservedly supports the people" and "better protects the interests of Russia.

" Gorbachev justified the occupation of Crimea. In my last book I remain optimistic (2017): “If Crimea was annexed to Ukraine under Soviet laws, without asking the people, now the people themselves decided to correct this mistake. It must be welcomed, not declaring sanctions. " And in 2014, he stated that he approved the occupation of Crimea, as "the Crimeans spoke almost unanimously" and, in his opinion, the West resigned with the occupation of the peninsula.

In 2016, Gorbachev declared in Ukraine a persona Non Grat. In the same year, he stated that he considers the possible "voluntary" creation of a new union state on the site of the USSR within the same limits and within the same composition. In the same year, he stated that he considers possible a "voluntary" creation of a new union state on the site of the USSR in the same borders and in the same composition.

On February 26, 2022, after the start of a full-scale invasion of Russia in Ukraine, Gorbachev-Fund published a brief statement: “In connection with Russia's military operation in Ukraine, which began on February 24, we declare the need for a quick cessation . There is nothing more valuable in the world than human lives. Only negotiations and dialogue based on mutual respect and interest is the only possible way to solve the most acute contradictions and problems.

We support any effort to restore the negotiation process, ”it said. On behalf of Gorbachev, he did not comment on the war. Gorbachev's assistant Volodymyr Polyakov in an interview with the Russian propaganda edition of the Komsomolskaya Pravda, published on February 28, 2022, stated that he lives permanently in the country in the suburbs in the Moscow village of Kalchuga, in which he lived when he was the secretary of the Central Committee on agriculture.

He also said that Gorbachev had spent the entire pandemic in a hospital where he was in a separate block for high -ranking officials. Polyakov also mentioned that Gorbachev had diabetes and he survived four operations, one of which is on the carotid artery. On June 20, 2022, the Russian Telegram-Canal Mash reported that Gorbachev had kidney problems and has to go to a dialysis at the Moscow hospital.