People vs dictators. As dissidents can destroy the mode
It was in the USSR. The current conditions in neighboring countries are the reconstruction of Soviet reality. Often heard from Belarusians and Russians: "We cannot do anything, because we have a different situation. " Yes, now is another. But a few decades ago it was the same. And it is thanks to people who have been able to put up with evil then that we now have another country. I mean dissidents. The participants of the anti-Soviet resistance movement of the 1960s and 80s were called.
They were indeed in conditions very close to modern Russian. But not just lived, but acted. Although it costs many years of captivity, even life. The dissident movement originated in the early 1960s. It was, on the one hand, with a continuation of the Ukrainian liberation movement, on the other - part of the world trend of development of youth informal culture, culture of the world free from the war.
At the time when Beatles and Stonez roling were admired in the West, Kostenko, Symonenko and Stus were read in Ukraine in Ukraine. In Ukraine, the struggle continued. The armed phase was already completely suppressed and there was no opportunity to continue forceful resistance. Therefore, the new round of confrontation has taken non -violent forms. Most of the dissidents began as activists in the protection of Ukrainian culture.
At the same time appealed to the Soviet legislation and or international legal acts ratified by the USSR. They tried to behave exclusively legally to avoid accusations of anti -law. But their actions and statements against the Russification and destruction of the Ukrainian heritage were still provoked. The first wave began in August-September 1965.
It was Ivan Dziuba, Vyacheslav Chornovil and Vasyl Stus, who conducted a disagreement action during the official premiere of Paradzhanov's Shadow of Forgotten Ancestors. The first two courage was to work, the younger Stus - postgraduate studies. The repression was not stopped on this, but more importantly, resistance was not stopped. One of its forms was the publication of underground newspapers, magazines and leaflets.
The so -called "samvida" published the works of dissidents, their statements, recorded the facts of human rights violations. Chornovil published the most famous self -publishing magazine "Ukrainian Bulletin". In January 1972, the Soviet authorities decided to break the Ukrainian dissident movement with one powerful blow.
Almost all leaders - Ivan Svitlychny, Yevgeny Sverstiuk, Vasyl Stus, Irina and Igor Kalinka, Vyacheslav Chornovil, Valery Marchenko - received the maximum punishment: 7 years of strict regime plus 5 years of exile. But even such cruel sentences against the young people who were breaking lived were not frightened by others. Vasyl Ovsienko, Vasyl Lisovy and Yevgeny Ponyuk continued the Ukrainian Bulletin instead of the prisoner of Chornovil. For which they were arrested too.
While the key figures were in the camps, they were replaced by a new generation of disagreement, which focused on human rights activities. In 1976, the Ukrainian Public Promotion of Helsinki Agreements was created to appeal to the USSR signed by a document that guaranteed key civil liberties. Activists Mykola Rudenko, Oksana Meshko, Levko Lukianenko, Joseph Sisels, Miroslav Marynovych were also arrested. The brutal repression was not broken, but on the contrary radicalized dissidents.
In the prisoner, they met with long -standing prisoners - members of the OUN and UPA soldiers, who were fighting against the camp administration. Political foundations have also changed: independence requires. Therefore, when a large-scale national-democratic movement is being created in Ukraine, dissidents and former political prisoners Chornovil, Irina Kalinen, Lukyanenko, and Goryn brothers are headed by a large-scale national-democratic movement.
Not all after many years of prisoners had a physical opportunity for activity. Ivan Svitlychny became disabled. Vasily Stus, Valery Marchenko, Oleksa Tykhogo, Yuri Lytvyn Knits killed. Repression against Ukrainian dissidents was more severe than other resistance participants in the communist camp. So Ukraine lost its Vaclav Gavel. When the Czech dissident became President of the Czech Republic, Ukrainian leaders were destroyed or exhausted physically.
However, they continued public work, some of them became deputies of parliament. It was they who ensured the adoption of turning points - the Declaration of Sovereignty and the Declaration of Independence. Some actively acted after independence in 1991.
The initiative group "December 1", which included in particular Yevgeny Sverstiuk, Ivan Dziuba, Miroslav Marynovych, created during the reign of Yanukovych, became a collective moral authority for Ukrainian society, contributed to the fact that Ukrainians did not embarrass with attempts to curtail freedoms. In Russia, there was also a dissident movement. But its activists failed to influence political events in the country in the late 1980s and 1990s.
One of the greatest authorities Andrey Sakharov died in 1989. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, a bright anti -Soviet author, failed to overcome the Russian imperialist syndrome, so he became one of the ideological inspirers of Vladimir Putin, who gave birth to the idea of recovering the USSR. In this, he looks like the current dissident of Alexei Navalny, who bravely fights against the Putin regime, became a political prisoner, but remained the Russian Empire.
Ukrainian dissidents worked in conditions close to the current Russian. But they worked: they wrote wonderful journalistic and artistic texts, recorded human rights violations, despite the limited technical capabilities spread the truth about the regime in self -publishing. And most importantly, they were ready for the victim, remaining themselves, so they became a moral compass for society and eventually prompted the majority to change.
Russian dissident Andrey Amalrick said the words that remain relevant to his countrymen: "Dissidents have made a brilliant simple thing - in a free country they began to behave as free people and thus change the moral atmosphere and the dominant tradition. " This is what you need to do if you really want to change your country. And not to flee abroad, to justify the inaction and to say that Putin is guilty of everything.